Study Skills Hack created by 301 Academic Skills Centre.
The Toulmin model provides key principles of a good argument, and it's worth making sure they feature in your academic writing.
- Claim - your argument in its simplest and most direct form
- Evidence - what information can you provide to support your claim
- Warrant - explain how and why evidence is relevant
- Backing - do you need to provide additional context to strengthen the warrant
- Rebuttal - what reasonable objections are there to your claim
- Qualified claim - by the end of an argument your claim will likely have evolved to pick up additional nuance and qualification
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